Indian constitution ammendment

The Indian Constitution can be amended through a process laid out in Article 368. The process involves two steps:

Amendment Bill: First, an Amendment Bill must be introduced in either house of the Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha). The Bill must be passed by both houses by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting.

Presidential Assent: Once the Amendment Bill is passed by both houses of Parliament, it is presented to the President for his assent. The President can either give his assent or withhold it. However, if he withholds his assent, the Bill can still become law if it is passed again by both houses of Parliament, this time with a two-thirds majority of all members of the house, rather than just those present and voting.

There are some provisions in the Constitution that require a higher threshold for amendment. For example, amendments to the fundamental rights and certain other provisions require not only a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting in both houses of Parliament but also ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.

It is also worth noting that some provisions of the Constitution cannot be amended at all. These include the basic structure of the Constitution, which includes democracy, secularism, and federalism.